What is the process called that converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia?

The process that converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia is known as nitrogen fixation. This process is crucial for converting the inert nitrogen gas (N2) present in the atmosphere into a form that can be utilized by living organisms, specifically in the form of ammonia (NH3).

Nitrogen fixation can occur through biological means, primarily by certain bacteria that have the ability to assimilate atmospheric nitrogen. These bacteria, often found in the root nodules of leguminous plants, effectively convert nitrogen gas into ammonia, which can then be used by the plants for growth and development. Additionally, nitrogen fixation can also occur through abiotic processes, such as lightning or industrial methods like the Haber-Bosch process, which also produce ammonia.

Understanding nitrogen fixation is essential as it is a key part of the nitrogen cycle, enabling the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere into the soil and ultimately into living organisms, thus maintaining the ecosystem's function. The other options provided, such as germination, photosynthesis, and pollination, pertain to different biological processes and do not involve the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia.